Characteristics of chard.

Chard (Beta vulgaris var. Cicla) is a perennial plant of the Chenopodiaceae family (some classifications include it in the family Amaranthaceae). Large sheets together in the rosette-shaped base, glossy dark green, although there are colored varieties. The succulent stems are thick and enlarged and are known by the name of stalks. Chard is a biennial plant grown as an annual because the leaves are collected in the first year of its life, when the plant devotes its energies to the production of leaves. If left to mature, it produces a central stem in the top and grows flowers, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, grouped in a terminal spike. The green color of the flowers blends with the rest of the plant. It is during its second year when the plant ceases to invest resources in the leaves that are dry and devotes its energies to the production of flowers, fruits (shaped as “nutlets”), and roots which expand by accumulating energy if well never reach the size of beets.

Chard (Beta vulgaris var. Cicla) is a variety of Beta vulgaris, which includes other interesting varieties from the point of view of plants cultivated as Beta vulgaris var. vulgaris or beetroot, which is intended primarily for the cultivation of the root, or variety, Beta vulgaris var. altissima or sugar beet, which is used for sugar production. It is believed that all these species or varieties come of the species from Beta vulgaris subsp. sea, an inedible wild plant that can be found on the coasts of Europe, northern Africa and western Asia (Caucasus and Middle East)

Although most of the greens are grown for consumption of their leaves, many people feel that they are also decorative and garden plants can be used to form borders, especially the varieties with colored leaves.

Chard. Irrigation and moisture.

Chard is a plant that needs high humidity, especially when plants are young during this period should not ever dry land. With older plants can withstand drought but relatively always prefer to have soil moisture.

In summer, plants need even higher humidity. Lack of water will produce specimens with bitter leaves.

Although chard prefers generous watering, the ground should not be flooded as this could produce many diseases.

Chard. Temperature and exposure

The chard prefers mild climates but can live in any climate, if it not falls below -5 º C or is higher than 33 º C. The ideal temperature for production is between 15 and 18 º C, although they grow in places with climates between -1 º C and 33 º C. The production is highest when the weather is cool, but it can hold and produce on locations or hot climates.

In places with hot springs or summers, the greens tend to shoot into ears and produce and flowers more than in soft climate places, especially when heat is accompanied by a lack of water. In these places, if you prefer it to produce tender leaves, they should be planted in a cool location. A zone or semisolid diffuse light would be ideal for the plants not bloom in summer.

In tropical or subtropical climates it has to be placed on high ground. In these latitudes the greens behave as perennials.

Chard. Time for planting and cultivation.

We have two types of plantation:

- Summer Crops: If we want to have summer crops, we have to plant chards in the months between spring and summer (between the months of April to July). In this case, we can plant them directly in the field. The production of these plants will occur within seventy days after planting. Those that were planted in April and may be collected about late May or early June.

- Winter Crops: If we want a winter crop, plant the chards later (Between October and March). The plants begin to produce after two months of being planted.

In hot climates they can be planted throughout the year, both for summer crops and winter crops. In cold weather, planting is done between the beginning of autumn and early spring.

Although chards take about 60 to 70 days to develop, they can be collected earlier, when they reached 12 or 13 cm in length. In this case, although lwe will achieve a smaller production, they are extremely tender and can be eaten in salads.

There are many varieties of chard, mainly classified by leaf type according to whether that is smooth or curly and the size and color of the leaves. Among the main varieties could mention the following:

- Curly leaf varieties:

- Lucullus. It has white stalks and large leaves of pale green. Very productive and tasty variety.

- Rhubarb: Dark, red and glossy starks with dark green leaves with reddish undersides.

- Yellow Lyon: It is the variety of chard most widely grown. This variety produces abundant leaves with white stalks and green yellow leaves.

- Brightlights: Named for the variety of colors of the leaves which can be red, yellow, white, orange, green or violet. It is very tasty and decorative in the garden as much as on the plate.

- Bright yellow: It has bright yellow leaves that are very prominent in the garden.

- Fordhook giant: light green leaves and yellow-green stalks. It grows quickly and adapts to many climates.

- Giant Crimson: glossy dark green leaves. Crimson stems. Especially valuable to eat, very tender.

 

- Smooth leaf varieties:

- Bressane: It has dark green leaves and very wide stalks.

- Carde Blanche:French French variety with dark green leaves and white stalks.

How to plant, maintain and harvest the greens?

Before planting the greens we have to prepare the ground properly. The chards need a well tilled, cleared, and loose soil in order to germinate. Therefore, before planting, we would have worked in the field, shredding it and, after smoothing, we would have made the necessary furrows to plant seeds in them.

Chards planted in spring or summer can be placed directly in the field. For this, we should make furrows in the field and directly place the seed in them. The chard prefers to be planted shallow so you can just enter a seed at each point, located between 1.3 and 1.8 cm deep and a dot pitch of about 22 to 30 cm. The furrows must be spaced from 40 to 50 cm.

If planting is done late, the seeds should be planted in a hot nursery. When plants are large enough to handle, they should be clarified by making a single point, because each seed planted usually occurs more than one plant. The clear lack of time, combined with a lack of moisture, may be responsible for flowering in the first season. When the seedlings have developed four or five sheet, they should be transplanted to their final destination according to the conditions seen before.

The leaves are harvested when they are old enough to eat, which usually occurs between 50 and 65 days after planting. Harvesting the greens when they are at their best allows the highest quality and at the same time encourages the plant to produce new leaves. If you pick the outer leaves before they become hard and yellow, the greens can go on producing young leaves up to one year. It is appropriate to perform this task, even if one does not need the plant as food, to encourage its growth.

For harvesting, just cut the outer leaves, which are the largest. Harvesting is done by hand using a sharp knife. We must be careful when cutting to avoid damaging the inner leaves.

In extensive plantations the entire plant is usually harvested when it has reached the size and weight for selling well. The leaves are cut in the same field and, after cleaning and arranging them in bundles of a dozen or two dozen, they are put into boxes and placed in the refrigerator ready for distribution in various markets. If you keep a constant temperature of 0 º C and a relative humidity of 90 to 95 º C, the greens can last from 10 to 14 days.

Chard. Types of soil and fertilizer.

Chards develope quite well in all types of soil provided that they are very fertile, acidic and with proper drainage. Thyey prefer soils which are alkaline in nature with pH between 5.5 and 8.

Chard. Pests and diseases.

The main pests that affect them are:

- Aphids: attacking the lower parts and tender, causing damage to them. We can control it with chemical or by other means more natural. (For more information on aphids)

- The beet fly (Pegomya hyoscyami ) The larvae of this insect, also known as leafminers, dig tunnels in the leaves that determine them to dry them. When the attack occurs in the youth of the plants, it affects their growth. To address this scourge at a not very developed stage, you can boot the affected leaves. A significant infection will require the use of insecticides.

- The spider mite (Peronospora parasitica f.sp. brassicae) is a disease caused by fungi during wetter times of making the leaves turn yellow. Although it can be treated with a specific product is best to choose plantlets that are free of the disease.

The leaf miner: (Liriomyza huidobrensis) very small flies, black, whose larvae dig galleries in the interior of the leaves. They are treated with a systemic insecticide. A green solution is to macerate the same proportion of ethyl alcohol, water and garlic for a week. Subsequently the mixture is diluted with water in proportion of 20 parts water for every liter of preparation and it is sprayed with plants every 4 days.

European mole cricket: (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa) is an insect that digs tunnels in the soil and feeds on roots and bulbs of plants. The best solution is to use a proper insecticide.

Snails and slugs: Snails and slugs are common pests in the orchard and garden, especially on rainy days of spring, when they go out especially at night to devour the young shoots of plants. We know they were there because of the mucous trails left, often covered by excrement and by the holes made in the leaves and stems. They can even attack the underground edible parts.

They attack most garden vegetables, like beets or lettuce. The application of propeller baits or metaldehyde sprays have been the usual ways of dealing with these pests.

Other procedures include the use of ecological barriers of sawdust around the stem of plants, traps with beer, surround the plants with leaves of potato, tomato or nasturtium.

Among the most widespread diseases are:

- Mildew (Peronospora farinosa. Peronospora spimaceae) is a fungus that enhances their development with increasing humidity. Produces leaf spots that are turning yellow and a kind of cottony layer on the underside of the leaves. Preventive treatment focuses on reducing moisture, through aeration of the plants, leaving more space between individuals or between the rows. It is convenient to use treated seed and certify and disease resistant varieties and crop rotation. Sprinkler irrigation is sometimes responsible for what is recommended in flooded water. As for the chemical treatment can be treated with fungicides rich in copper.

- Powdery mildew: It produces a kind of mold on the whole sheet gets worse and extends to high temperatures. Failure to stop the infection will produce the falling leaves. (More information on powdery mildew)

- Cercospora beticola: t forms gray spots on the leaves surrounded by a halo or encircling darker red. The spots end up together and cause the death of the leaf. This disease increases with increasing moisture, so it is advisable to leave space on the plantations so that the plants are aired. We will have to remove the affected individuals and treat the rest with a copper fungicide. Crop rotation and use of resistant seed varieties are the best method of prevention.

- Black foot disease: The base of the plant blackens and then the root blackens and cracks. This disease breaks down the entire plant and the only treatment is prevention through the use of healthy seeds.

Major mineral deficiencies:

- Magnesium deficiency: It produces pale older leaves or redness in the young. Apply magnesium sulfate (20 g per liter) a couple of times every 15 days.

- Deficiency of manganese causes the leaf margins rolled inward. In the nerves appear yellow spots. The solution is to spray the leaves with manganese sulfate at the rate of 2.5 g per liter of water.

More information about chards in the listing above.